Jonathan Martin was charged with making criminal threats and carrying a loaded weapon ... after allegedly posting a threatening former NFL teammates and classmates on Instagram.
The L.A. County D.A. hit Martin with 5 charges ... 4 counts of making criminal threats, and 1 count of possessing a loaded firearm.
TMZ Sports broke the story ... cops say Martin had a cache of weapons in his possession -- an ax, a large knife, and a loaded 12-gauge shotgun -- when he was arrested on February 23 ... only hours after allegedly posting a cryptic message on social media.