The Dons have won the race for the signature of the 22-year-old, who played for United's Under-23s at Fulham on Friday night.
Wilson, who scored twice on his senior debut for the Reds against Hull City in 2014, has represented England at various levels, including the Under-21s, and will look to show his goalscoring prowess north of the border.
Aberdeen sold Adam Rooney to Salford City, who had been top scorer four years running, so they have been in the market for a new centre-forward.
The switch to Pittodrie is the fourth loan spell of Wilson's career, after previous stints with Brighton & Hove Albion, Derby County and Sheffield United.