The new football season is just around the corner and Europe's heavyweight clubs are making their final preparations for another assault on the Champions League.
Manchester City swept all before them en route to conquering Europe and winning the Treble last season, meaning the traditional continental elite have some catching up to do.
But how have the strongest teams in Spain, Italy, France and Germany fared with their summer recruitment and pre-season fixtures? Mail Sport takes a closer look.
REAL MADRID
Last season
Champions League semi-finals (beaten by Man City); LaLiga second place; Copa del Rey winners
Summer arrivals and departures
Real's already enviable midfield has been further improved by the signing of young Englishman Jude Bellingham in a deal worth an initial £88.